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中国发展韧力的底层原因

前言

中国在过去40余年取得了长足的发展和骄人的成就。这背后的原因是什么?而中国为什么能够展现出强大的韧力?我认为中国的发展的底层逻辑必须要从中国以及全球的大局观(context)出发,透过中国的历史、文化和文明以及近代中国与西方的互动,在探索中国式现代化和现代性中看出规律。中国发展韧性的底层原因揉合了在哲学层面的认知和在操作方面的实践,而这两者之间的不断磨合,也衍生出中国经济发展的新的场景、新的主题,当然也伴随着间歇性的一些挫折。


改革开放以来的40多年,中国的高速度发展令世界上许多人感到惊讶。不少人尝试解释为什么中国能够持续的高速发展和展示出高度的韧性。一部分人认为中国是以政府为主导的发展模式,政府决定社会上的所有行为,包括企业的举措。这些人将今天的中国看作当年的苏联。在这些人之中的极端者提出“中国崩溃论”和“中国已达顶论”(China Has Peaked)等各色观点。另一批人则认为在改革开放之后,中国已经全面走上资本主义之路。他们认为中国融入世界代表着中国融入资本主义。这批人之中的一部分人甚至认为随着经济的发展,中国将会变得“更加像西方”。

不能说这两批人的观点完全错误,但他们的观点肯定不能充分地解释为什么中国能够在短时间之内取得这样骄人的经济与社会成就,以及在“百年未有之大变局”之中依然在经济底座中所蕴含的强劲的发展动力。

一、“三层二元”架构

事实上,自从1840年以来,中国一代又一代的知识分子们不断寻找着中国应该怎样发展的方法和道路。

特别在改革开放之后,这个思考和实践的过程实现了大幅度的加速。这个过程是透过不断地试验、学习和调整而实现的。而在这个过程中,中国在原有的悠久历史、文化和文明的背景之上,不断吸收新的事物。中国的领导人相信其中的一些基本的信念,如社会主义和中国传统文化,但亦会适当接受新的理念,如市场经济和全球化等。这种综合性的体制透过不断地优化和动态调整,逐渐形成一套有“中国特色社会主义”的发展方法。

更具体的来说,中国的体制是一个“三层二元”的架构。中央政府制定国家发展宏观性的大方向、具象化的战略及具实操性的政策。与前苏联时代的计划经济不一样,改革开放后的中央或地方政府不会具体规划企业的发展目标,而只是提出大方向和发展建议。当然政府对国企是会有总体要求的,但对民企则不会(亦不能)提出具体的运营目标。

1: 中国的三层二元架构

(来源: 高风分析)

改革开放后一个重要现象就是民营企业的崛起。经过40多年的发展,今天中国的民营经济已经非常蓬勃。不少中国最成功的企业都是民营企业。与此同时,国有企业往往在关键行业,比如银行、电信、航空、铁路、能源等领域扮演着非常重要(但不一定垄断)的角色。企业们往往会从中央政府的政策中看到机会。特别是民营企业,它们普遍具有极强的市场敏锐性和适应性、往往可以快速理解中央政府制定的政策,并从中发展与获益。

能力的地方政府同时扮演着一个重要角色。它们协助连接企业和中央政府制定的政策。不少有足够资源的地方政府会为企业们提供资金和其他的一揽子服务,为它们在当地发展创造良好的环境。对于初创公司们而言,地方政府可提供“孵化”支援和协助连接价值链上下游的玩家并争取客户。对较成熟的企业而言,地方政府更会积极地提供更全面的营商支持。

而由国有企业和民营企业组成的“二元经济”让中国的经济架构呈现出有利(亦有弊)的立体效应。其中,国有企业除了需要履行财务损益责任之外,往往亦需要履行社会责任。中国不少的公共产品是由国企提供的,最典型的例子便是高铁。

中国已经建成世界最广的高铁网络,截止2022年底,中国高铁里程达到4.2万公里,2023年中国高铁预计投产新线2500公里以上[1]。在短短的十多年间,中国从没有高铁,到成功建成和运营全球最长的高铁网络,而且质量特高,取得如此举世瞩目的成就,这背后没有国企的主导是不可能完成的。假如高铁由私营机构承接,它的财务分析一定不会被通过。因为作为一项公共产品,高铁是很难达到私营机构投资回报要求的。但作为公营机构,国有企业会从更宏观的角度来考虑一个项目,除了短期的经济回报之外,亦会考虑高铁对社会整体的贡献。

2: 中国高铁网络建设发展, 2010 vs. 2023

(来源: 网络、高风分析)

另一个例子是中国的地铁。截至2022年底,中国大陆地区共有52个城市开通城市轨道交通,运营线路总长度突破1万公里,达到10288公里,已经形成了世界上最大的城市轨道交通网络[2]。虽然中国内地城市的轨道交通从0到1000公里发展了漫长的38年,但是实现第二个1000公里仅用了不到5年的时间。在年增长率方面,中国也远远领先世界其他地区,中国城市的轨道交通保持着两位数增长,而世界其他地区的轨道交通年增长率仅处于2.5%至4.5%之间。

在实现这一快速增长的背后,其发展动因离不开地方政府在城市交通规划方面的大力布局。中国地铁建设的主体是各地国有企业和央企工程公司,它们承担了大部分的投资、建设、运营和管理任务。这些企业在地铁建设上更注重社会效益和社会责任,会充分考虑各个地方的特色和需求,以协助政府实现社会事业的公益与惠民的标准并保障服务质量,提高中国城市居民的生活满意度。

而另一个例子是中国的5G电信基站建设。早在2015年,中国4G商用刚启动一年时,官方就提出了“力争2020年实现5G商用”。三大运营商包括中国移动、中国联通和中国电信(均为国企)成为了中坚力量,同步开始紧锣密鼓地筹备5G建设。除基站建设以外,诸如华为、中兴等企业也大力投入基站天线,射频器件等5G基础设备的研发和生产。截止2023年3月底,中国共有5.9亿5G用户[3],5G基站共238.4万座,占全球超过60%的5G基站数。不少基站设于偏远地区,假如纯粹以财务回报来考虑是不具有经济型的。但中国认为这些基站是公共产品,是企业们必须履行的社会责任。

可以说,中国5G网络的建设,从基础部件的研发到电信基站的全国性普及,都与政府和企业(包括国企和民企)有关。他们顺应时代和国家的发展需求,在为自身创造商业利润的同时,也承担了社会责任。

当然,国企与民企之间经常亦会产生不少的摩擦,特别是两类企业在同一行业中竞争的时候。如何确保国企与民企能够公平竞争还是一个重要的议题。过去,有人会提出“国进民退”在资源垄断型行业的愈演愈烈,也有人会指出民企在某些领域如互联网经济领域比国企优秀。这些论述多多少少都有其合理性,但从整体国民经济结构来说,“二元经济”有它显著的有效性。

由中央政府、地方政府和各个企业之间组成的三层架构,和由国有企业和民营企业组成的二元经济,形成了一个立体的“三层二元”架构。这个架构表面上好似很复杂,但有效管理一个庞大的政治体是必须要从多方面配合的,它需要动态地调整和协同,而所需的调整和协同能力是一套透过领导力而产生的“大规模的组织能力”。同时因为在改革开放之初,中国的发展还未有清晰的蓝图,所以周而复始的试验、学习和调整的循环是整体优化进程的底层机制。

二、试验,学习,调整

自从1840年之后,一代又一代的中国知识分子都在思考中国如何改革和复兴。他们徘徊在传统的中国思想文化与从西方带来的新的思潮方向中,集体进行着学习、反思并提出了新的理念。

自从改革开放以来,中国的领导人同样透过试验、学习和调整这一周而复始的方法来寻找中国进步的路径。

邓小平先生在改革开放之初便以创办了经济特区作为试点,第一批城市包括深圳、珠海、汕头和厦门这四个城市。它们实行特殊经济政策和管理体制,通过政策和资源倾斜创造良好的投资环境,吸收和利用外资,引进先进的技术和学习现代的管理经验,成为了开辟和扩大中国与世界沟通与相互了解的窗口。

特区实施许多优惠政策,例如,在经济特区之内,企业享受更低的设备和原材料进口、产品出口以及企业所得税的税率;外汇的结算与汇出、土地使用和相关人士的出入境收手续亦得到了相关政策的支持。经济特区作为对外交流的窗口,在一定时期内通过中央政府给予的政策优势和区位优势二者合力,其经济以超出一般地区很多的速度成长,人均经济实力接近或超过中等发达国家(或地区)的水平。

3:深圳市深南大道旁的邓小平画像(左), 中国五大经济特区(右)

(来源: 网络、高风分析)

事实上在中国决定全面推行任何重大政策之前,它必定会进行试点,作为将该政策的试验。最著名的便是上述中改革开放初期时,由邓小平主导的经济特区试点。在第一批试点城市“先走一步”的尝试相对成熟和成功之后,在1988年中央政府授权了海南成为经济特区之后,至今亦先后批准了包括上海浦东、天津滨海新区在内等12个“综合配套改革试验区”(“新特区”),以及包括浙江省温州市、广东省珠江三角洲、广西壮族自治区和山东省青岛市5个城市或地区的“金融试验区”等等一系列的经济区推进改革开放。

在1990和2000年代,中国最常听到的一句话可能是“与国际接轨”。这代表了中国在改革开放的过程中对国际惯常做法的求知与追求。“与国际接轨”是多方面的,涵盖模式,政策和法规等各方面。而向其他国家学习是中国普遍采用的方法。中国学习的对象从香港开始,到新加坡和台湾地区,再到日本、韩国,然后到欧美,以及全球其他国家和地区。在制定重大政策之前(诸如在金融、医疗、社会保障、产业引导等方面),中国政府必定详细研究不同国家的发展模式,比较它们的利弊,然后作出最适合自己的选择。

作为一种改革的方法,试点直到今天依然在进行。通过试点,中国政府(和企业)可以进行学习和适当调整。例如,2023年5月,浙江省首次召开全省共同富裕试点推进会,会议回顾了浙江省在中央指导下,以“试点中的试点”方式将共同富裕试点按特色、分批次地落地推进。这种方式在没有许多先例可循的情况下获得了创新经验,一些试点甚至带来了全国性的影响。

除此之外,数字人民币的试点亦在全国持续推进。多个试点城市或地区,包括江苏、广东深圳、浙江义乌,因地制宜地推出了数字人民币落地的解决方案,尝试并拓展了许多不同的应用场景。从日常的“促消费”数字人民币红包、体育彩票的购买与兑奖,到为境外人士带来支付新体验的硬钱包、与多边央行共同探索跨境使用等等多种不同类型的场景试点,逐步让数字人民币融入百姓衣食住行的各个领域。

试点作为中国改革开放的重要手段之一,其具备多方面的作用与影响力:一是可以在小范围内测试新的制度或政策的效果,为全面推行提供经验和依据。二是可以缓和改革的阻力,增加改革的可接受性和灵活性。三是可以充分发挥地方和基层的创新精神,适应不同的地域和条件。四是可以避免一刀切的做法,减少改革的风险和成本。五是可以提高改革的效率和质量,促进改革的深化和完善。

简单来说,试点就是一套务实的方法。

三、大规模组织能力

“三层二元”架构的执行需要强大的协调和组织能力。尽管孙中山先生曾经说过,“中国人是一盘散沙”,传统中的“儒法制度”还是在两千年的历史中在中国建立了一套能够管治一个广袤国度的体系。该体系当然不完美,但它却被实践证实其有效性。

新中国成立之后,中国政府加强了整体的组织能力。中国宪法规定,行政区划有省(自治区、直辖市)、县(自治县、市)、乡(乡、街道)三级。乡镇和街道是中国的基层行政单位。各地由中央统一领导,地方分级管理。因此,大型组织能力从新中国成立开始逐步成形。

我们可以从中国在脱贫方面的成就中理解中国大规模的组织能力。过去四十年,中国的经济增长和减贫速度与规模都是前所未有的。1978-2020年,中国现行标准下的全国农村贫困发生率从97.5%下降至0%,共7.7亿的农村贫困人口实现了完全脱贫。以安徽省金寨县为例,2014年,金寨全县建档立卡贫困户约4万户,共13万人,贫困发生率22.1%。自2016年实施脱贫攻坚后的仅4年时间内,金寨县71个贫困村的约13万人口全部脱贫[4],自此,金寨县彻底退出了贫困县序列。

*注: 中华人民共和国统计局的贫困标准为家庭年收入低于2300人民币/人

4:1978年-2020年我国农村贫困状况

(来源: 新华社、高风分析)

透过金寨县的整个脱贫过程,我们可以看到中国各级政府通过呼吁各主体(政府、事业单位、当地民企、国企、部队等)对当地困难户实行了多方位的援助。并在教育、住房、医疗、就业等多个维度对贫困户进行补贴和扶持,帮助贫困人口实现多种创收模式。与此同时,地方政府设立了驻村干部和‘一对一’的帮扶专员,通过实地服务、项目落实和监督考核,保证了扶贫政策在当地的有效执行和精准到位。高层领导和政府官员则负责制定针对当地贫困环境的相关政策,并强化责任到位和监督政策落实,确保扶贫工作的统一指导和全面推进。这样的脱贫模式体现了中国从高层到基层之间的相互配合、全面监督、并能协同执行,很好地体现了中国集中力量办大事的大规模组织能力,也推动中国在脱贫攻坚方面取得了史无前例的巨大成就。

这种大规模组织能力亦经常被称为“举国体制”,意思即是当中国政府希望做成某一件事情的时候,它往往可以调动全国的资源达成其政策目标。以上所提的脱贫工作就是透过举国体制而达成的,其他如“南水北调”,将沙漠大规模绿化的“绿化工程”,以及着眼于未来的2060年“碳中和”目标等都是调动全国能力和资源来进行的。

在上世纪90年代后期,中国的四大商业银行积累了大量的不良资产和债务。尽管当时的西方媒体不断传播中国金融体系即将崩溃的观点,甚至出现了所谓的“中国崩溃论”之说,但中国并未像其他东亚国家那样在1997年东亚金融风暴中让银行因高不良贷款率而破产。相反,中国通过国家财政直接将银行的不良资产一次性剥离,完成了商业银行的改革。

为了推动中国银行业的商业化改革,中国政府成立了四家金融资产管理公司(AMC),包括信达、华融、长城和东方,这些AMC总计接收了14,000亿元的不良资产[5]。为了承接这14,000亿元的不良资产,财政部向这四家AMC拨付了400亿元的注册资本金,并持有100%的股权;央行提供了5700亿元的再贷款,四家银行向对应的四家资产管理公司发行了8200亿元的债券,再由资产管理公司按面值1:1的对价收购银行的不良资产包,这就是第一批不良资产的处置过程,也被视为中国解决不良资产问题的开端。

从1999年开始,中国的不良资产行业经历了从国有银行剥离不良资产的改革,其发展历程始于政策性,走向市场化。这与时任总理朱镕基的领导作用密不可分,经济学家及“三农”问题专家温铁军教授在不同场合也谈到了这段经历。这一进程的实现主要依托于中国政府对金融体系的赋权,即国家成为国有金融体系的最大股东。由于中国国有大银行80%的资本金来自于国家财政,这意味着中国的金融资本是以国家政治力量为基础,并通过国有资本和大规模组织能力实现了对金融体系的高度控制。中国政府在国有大型企业中所具有的指挥地位,令政府能够直接指挥和调动国有资本来快速帮助金融行业解决困境,实现整体调控。这样的“举国体制”使得中国的四大商业银行在短短的十年时间内便摆脱了万亿级别的不良资产的包袱,并在2008年通过上市实现了企业治理的现代化。而2008年至2018年的第二个十年间,中国的四大国有商业银行按照资产规模口径已经全部发展成为世界前五大银行,中国的金融体系也发展成庞大的金融资本、产业资本和商业资本。

苹果大学(Apple University)的顾道格教授(Professor Doug Guthrie)在2022年接受媒体访问时说:苹果的供应链能够成功在中国建立和运营是基于三个原因:第一,中国政府能在全国范围内调控劳动力的能力;第二,中国拥有“将一切联系在一起”的一流基础设施;第三,中国许多城市有能力建立产业集群,形成庞大而复杂的供应链网络。

简单来说,苹果在中国的供应链背后是中国的“举国体制”。苹果公司在中国建立供应链不只是因为中国低廉的劳工成本,还是因为中国可以提供整套配合优势,而这优势往往是由政府、特别是地方政府所牵头的。

顾道格教授还指出,苹果公司在中国并不存在任何“IP被偷窃”的情况,因为相关的IP都是苹果公司与供应商共同研发的。这是一种集体合作的精神,但大量的供应商(包括中国大陆和来自不同国家或地区的)通过由中国政府和国有企业提供的公共产品,和无时无刻不在的动态式管理和协调,才能不断输出创新来支援苹果公司的高效供应链。

举国体制另一方面还是一套由较发达的地区协助较不发达地区的援助机制。中国实施东西部扶贫协作,东部9个省、14个市结对帮扶中西部14个省区市,全国支援西藏和新疆,开展定点扶贫。这不仅仅推动了贫困地区经济的快速发展,而且更加彰显了中国全国一盘棋的制度优势。

几年前,我到新疆维吾尔自治区喀什市旅游。当地导游跟我说,喀什这几年的旅游设施和其他配套设施发展得很好,主要多亏上海来的援疆干部。在此期间,上海的干部带来了新观念新思路,让喀什的旅游设施和整体管理得到了大幅的提升。据官方媒体的统计,2010-2022年,十二年间赴喀什的上海援疆干部人才数量总计达到724人。在上海对口支持新疆喀什的力量下,喀什在经济发展方面取得了不少进步,其周边产业也焕发了生机。

四、复合模式之下的政企合作

中国的经济体制不再是简单的市场经济或计划经济,而是一种结合了国有企业、民营企业、地方政府,三边关系的复合式市场竞争模式。在这种模式下企业发展不是按照计划分配资源,而是通过中央政府整体政策引导、创业家精神、股权改革、市场竞争创新和地方政府的支持来提高效率和创新能力的。

政府在与企业协作做出了很多贡献,并促进了不少企业的成功(当然亦有失败的例子)。不少城市在30年前可能是一个穷乡僻壤,但今天已经成为生气勃勃,并且有能力和计划协助企业在当地发展的地方。深圳、广州、北京、上海、杭州、苏州、无锡、南京、天津、重庆等地都在这方面做了大量的贡献。其中一个显著的成功范例是安徽省的合肥市。

(一)合肥市的经验

合肥作为安徽省的省会,位于中国东部,处于长江和淮河之间,历来为江淮地区重要的政治经济中心和军事重镇,如今已经发展成为中国的科技与华中区域的经济中心之一,实践了一系列具备创新性、开放性、协调性、可持续性的发展模式。在这一系列的发展模式中,最引人注意的是合肥市政府在经济发展中所采取了独特的“合肥模式”:政府依托国资平台,联合头部机构共同设立产业基金群,通过直接投资、组建和参与各类投资基金,吸引社会资本进入,以基金撬动资本,以资本引入产业,进而服务地方招商引资的模式。

5:合肥地理位置、合肥京东方、联宝科技、蔚来合肥产业园

(来源: 网络、高风分析)

合肥政府产业引导基金的模式是通过成立专业的投资研究团队,同时委托国内顶尖的一级市场投资专家,对被投企业的技术、供应链和市场等进行全方位的研判。对于符合资质的企业及产业,合肥模式会以股权投资、风险投资的思维做产业导入,以投资银行的方式做产业培育,向被投企业提供成熟的产业孵化体系资源和产业生态资源,在实现上下游协同效率的同时,合肥的国资平台也会帮助企业度过困难时期。而企业在与政府深度绑定的同时,也保留经营上的决策权与话语权。这样的实践,让即使在国资成为企业股东并发挥重大作用的前提下,仍然保持企业的所有权和经营权分离的现代化企业治理制度。这一模式帮助合肥在新型显示器件、集成电路、人工智能、新能新能源汽车等战略性新兴产业领域取得了显著成效。

为了吸引更多企业留在合肥,合肥市政府还提出了“以企业为本、以创新为动力、以服务为宗旨”的发展理念,通过优化营商环境、加强产业扶持、推进科技创新等措施,吸引了大量的企业前来投资和发展。

合肥模式的根源来自于合肥市政府的战略定力,也受益于合肥的科技优势和产业基础,以及“链长制”(由市委、市政府的相关负责领导挂帅,负责一条产业链,结合更高层面的综合协调优势,更好地利用内外部资源能力,以保各个产业链的完整、稳定和发展)的创新管理机制。我会通过在合肥市设厂和投资,并取得成绩的三家公司来举例说明合肥市作为地方政府如何推动企业发展。

第一家是京东方,中国半导体显示产业龙头企业。京东方与合肥政府的合作关系始于2008年,当时合肥的地方财政预算收入只有161亿元[6],想建一条投资175亿的6代线,非常困难,经济和政治决策风险都很大。为了解决资金问题,合肥市政府在全年财政收入仅300亿的条件下,为京东方175亿元的第6代液晶面板项目提供资金托底保障。按约定,合肥市政府投入60亿,战略投资者投入30亿,如未能引入战略投资,余下85亿由政府担保给予贷款解决,开启了由政府和企业共同投资的模式,旨在推动当地产业升级和转型。

现如今,京东方在合肥已经投资超过1000亿元,拥有2万多名员工,年产值超过400亿元,推动合肥成为世界上最大的显示屏基地之一,并充分利用合肥的区位优势和人才资源,打造了一个高效的研发、生产、销售和服务的综合平台,提升了自身的竞争力和创新能力。

第二家是联想,全球领先的信息通信技术巨头。2011年,联想集团与仁宝合资在合肥建厂,六年时间便将合肥市笔记型计算机的年产能从10万台提升到4000万台[7] ,如今已成为世界上最大的笔记型计算机工厂。联想集团最初几年消化掉合肥京东方显示屏40%的产能,后期联想依然留出5%的产能助力京东方新型显示屏的发展。

此外,由于联宝科技成立后,合肥不断吸引了笔记型计算机产业链企业的投资和入驻,已经在当地培育了300多家合作企业,其中有20多家目前已发展为上市公司。合肥政府引导和鼓励联想集团的上下游供应商和合作伙伴在合肥落户或扩大规模,形成了以联想为核心的电子信息产业集群,提升了整个产业的竞争力和创新能力。同时,合肥政府也支持联想集团与当地高校和科研机构开展人才培养和交流合作,为联想集团提供了高素质的人力资源,并给予联想集团在土地、税收、人才等方面的支持,为联想集团的投资和运营提供了便利条件。

第三家是蔚来汽车,中国高端新能源汽车品牌。2016年,蔚来汽车在合肥借用了江淮汽车的资质生产,这使得蔚来汽车在合肥具备了一定的基础,也让当地政府看到了蔚来汽车带来的一定经济效益。2020年2月,蔚来汽车宣布与合肥市签署合作框架协定,蔚来中国总部项目将落户合肥,合肥政府联合市场化投资人对该项目投资超过70亿元[8]。这笔资金帮助蔚来渡过了资金危机,合肥市政府也实现将投资收益再投入到对蔚来和智能电动汽车产业集群的扶持中。在这场投资关系中,蔚来汽车在合肥实现了从生产基地到总部运营再到产业集群的全面布局,而合肥市政府也从中获得了巨大的经济效益和社会影响。

这三家公司之间亦有一定程度上的协同效应(synergy)。合肥政府引进联想建厂并持续扩大规模,不但盘活了京东方的产能,更是滋养了整个电子产业集群。此外,联想的子公司联宝科技更是能够贡献合肥市十分之一的GDP,让政府有足够的财政实力培育和拯救如蔚来一样的潜力股。正是合肥政府懂得利用和借助产业集群的协同效应,才完成了新一代“芯屏汽合、集终生智”的产业集群搭建,成功获得“最会风投的投资机构”的称誉。

蔚来汽车、联想计算机,京东方与合肥政府的关系与合作,都是合肥市在产业转型升级中的成功案例。合肥市抓住了产业发展的机遇和趋势,主动出击,引进了具有战略意义的龙头企业,形成了以“龙头企业—产业链—产业集群—产业基地”的发展模式。在吸引企业后,并辅以高效的行政服务和优惠的政策支援,持续为企业提供了良好的营商环境,帮助企业解决了资金、土地、人才等方面的问题,促进了企业的快速成长和创新。同时,合肥在成功投资京东方、晶合集成、蔚来汽车等龙头项目之后,更加注重以产业链的思维主导投资布局,重点围绕上文提到过的“芯屏汽合、集终生智”产业新地标,在集成电路、新型显示、新能源汽车、安全应急、智能终端机、生命健康、人工智能领域布局,并成立了一批市场化基金,充分发挥国资集聚市场资源的优势,主动开展供应链投资,在引进项目的同时,为合肥构建全产业链格局发挥了重要作用。

依托于合肥市政府对于高新产业技术的专注力,长鑫存储作为一家专注于DRAM存储器芯片研发和生产的企业,也正在帮助中国突破半导体领域的技术限制。2017年,合肥国资和兆易创新共同出资成立长鑫存储;2019年,长鑫存储实现了国产DDR4存储器芯片的量产,打破了国际三巨头的垄断格局。2020年,长鑫存储完成了156亿元的融资[9],并引入了国家集成电路产业基金等战略投资者,目前已成为半导体产业的领军企业,也是国内晶圆制造产业的佼佼者。

在这一系列具备战略定力投资背后,合肥不仅实现了产业链的互补和优化,同时实现了技术创新和应用的协同推进,并正在逐步深化实现社会效益和经济效益的双赢。而这一系列高新科技技术产业链形成的背后,也正在帮助合肥这座城市在国际社会上更具影响力与吸引力。

地方政府不只是协助中国企业而已,他们亦会积极协助外资。围绕投资龙头企业后聚焦其产业链的发展,合肥市政府优化重点产业链布局,同时也吸引了以大众汽车(Volkswagen)、康宁玻璃(Corning Glass)为代表的一大批外资项目持续签约落地,形成了具有国际竞争力的展业集群。

合肥通过自身形成的新能源汽车产业链,抓住机遇主动接洽了大众汽车集团,并提供了高效的流程体系、一体化协同能力与良好的行业生态环境。最终,大众集团不仅在合肥投资75亿元人民币[10],建造大众汽车全球最大的研发总部,还将继续在合肥投资231亿元人民币,建立新能源汽车生产基地和研发中心。可以说,合肥是透过产业投资的概念来布局新能源产业,形成了“以投带引”的招商引资新模式,并通过政府的主动性、高效性、创新性和协同性,以及产业的发展水平和潜力,实现了更加快速的发展。

(二)地方政府产业引导基金

就如上述的合肥经验所指出的,地方政府对企业的财务支援往往是主要因素。而这些财务支持普遍的形式是透过地方政府成立的产业引导基金来完成的。

政府产业引导基金是由政府出资,吸引有关机构和社会资本,在不以盈利为目的的前提下扶持特定产业、阶段、区域的具有产业引导性的风险投资机机构。这种基金的设立主要是为了发挥政府财政资金的杠杆放大效应,以小部分资金撬动大量社会资本,有效地解决融资难等问题,增强创业投资资本供给,鼓励种子期、起步期的企业,尤其是高新科技产业初创企业的发展。截至2022年底,中国各级政府共成立1531只政府引导基金[11],自身规模累计达到2.74万亿元人民币。

这些地方政府基金能够很好地扶持本地产业。例如,上海市创业投资引导基金,由上海科创投受托管理,重点引导资金投向上海市战略新兴产业,如新能源产业、生物产业、新一代信息技术产业等。代表投资项目包括了中卫半导体、微创心脉医疗技术、奇步天下科技有限公司等上市企业。再比如,广州投资控股集团有限公司设立的规模500亿元的前沿科技产业基金,其主要以半导体及集成电路的前沿科技产业为核心,发展具有战略性、引领性、前瞻性的大中型项目,投资了如泰瑞生物、暗物智能、广汽埃安、广电运通等企业。

除此之外,深圳市天使母基金作为全国最大的天使投资类政府引导基金,也通过专注投资培育战略性产业,如半导体产业、新材料、生物医药等产业,培养出以安路科技、宁德时代、迈瑞医疗为代表的众多上市企业,总数达到200家。另外值得一提的是苏州基金,从医美巨头华熙生物,到芯片设计领先公司纳芯微,再到国产CAD软件头部提供商浩辰软件这些业内颇具影响的上市公司背后,都出现了苏州基金的身影。其他城市亦有类似的例子。

(三)不成功的案例

就像所有尝试一样,中国在不断的尝试中免不了有些案例是不成功的。以下,我挑选了三个不成功的案例作为参考。

无锡尚德(下称尚德)曾是中国大型太阳能电池板制造商。2000年,无锡市市政府与海归创始人达成合作,并调集市属企业600万元建立尚德电力公司[12]。得益于领先的技术,完整的产业链和不断完善的政府平台建设,尚德于2005年成功在纽交所上市。但这家光伏产业里的巨头,却于八年后宣布破产重组。

按照中共江苏省无锡市委党校的论文《从无锡尚德破产重整案看政府与市场的关系》所述,尚德的失败,一部分是因为它内部管理原因导致投入与产出不匹配,同时也因为政府不断提供的巨额资金和宽松信贷政策,让尚德可以扩大它的产业链,加剧了企业流动性风险,最后引致到破产。从尚德的案例中,我们得以反思:政府在资金上的引导与扶持,有时非但无法推动企业的健康发展,反而会使企业忽略客观事实,做出错误的风险判断与决策。

另一个例子是江西赛维LDK太阳能高科技有限公司(下称赛维)。作为当年入选亚洲百强企业的光伏巨头,赛维于2006年在美国纽交所单一上市,创下了当年中国企业最大规模的IPO记录[13]。然而,曾经向着世界第一进军的企业,却在金融危机后迅速走向衰败。根据当年政策规定,光伏企业的最高负债率不得超过40%。赛维当年102.7%的负债率,已经严重违反了市场规则,就连江西省新余市市政府提供的30亿元救助资金和当地国资对于其股本的兜底都已无法完全拖住赛维的下沉。

2017年武汉市投资的武汉宏芯更是戏剧性。刚成立不久后,宏芯花重金请来在芯片行业富有经营的管理人,购入荷兰ASML公司的光刻机,投资额高达1280亿人民币,被列入省级重点建设项目。然而如此集钱财、人才、器材为一体,万众瞩目的芯片公司,仅仅在两年后便抵押掉了光刻机。而令人惊奇的是,抵押状态上赫然写着“全新尚未使用”。按腾讯科技的报道透露[14],后经调查发现,几位公司董事通过设立空壳公司北京光量蓝图,拉上武汉市政府成立重点项目公司武汉宏芯,然后通过总包商“武汉火炬建设”,将债务和风险转移给贷款银行、分包商、供应商。而各位涉事人在利用政府对芯片行业的重视牟取巨额利润之后,便全身而退了。

从以上三个案例可以看出,任何体制都存在不完美。中国改革开放后所经历的有成功,亦有不成功,但总的来说,中国取得的进步是比较多和显著的。而且因为它内在的“试验、学习、调整”的规律,它亦形成了一种自己修复的能力。

五、以史为鉴,展望未来

今天的中国人基于底层的大规模组织能力,透过不断的“试验、学习、调整”,将中国发展模式不断进行优化。到今天已经形成“中华民族伟大复兴”、“构建人类命运共同体”以及“中国式现代化”等重要理念。这种发展模式驱动着,仍将继续驱动中国的发展,亦主宰着中国在世界上扮演越来越主要的角色。

这些理念的形成,有着深远的历史文化背景。

(一)发展模式的文化渊源

中国的文化和文明源远流长。从春秋战国时代的诸子百家,到从印度传入和融入中国主流思想的佛学。尽管儒家和法家的传承主导着中国主流思想,其他思想,特别是道家和佛家,亦同时在中国社会产生了重要影响。还有一些思想,如纵横家,阴阳家,兵家,墨家和名家等,依然同时存在于中国人的思想中。今天许多中国人常用的成语多来自于这些思想。

尽管自两汉以来,有“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”之说(而儒家思想的确对中国文化有深刻的影响),但中国文化的本质是兼具多样性和包容性的。因此,近代从西方传来的马克思主义会被中国人所接受。但随着时间的流逝,就像所有的外来思想一样,它亦在某种程度上被中国化。

改革开放之后,中国亦能接纳市场经济的主要原则,在经过不断的试验,学习,调整之后,形成了“中国式现代化”(Chinese modernization)的发展路径,而现代化是现代性(modernity)的具体表现。正如习近平主席所说的“以史为鉴,展望未来”。中国逐渐形成了一种有中国特色的发展模式。

例如,中国领导人于1990年初期提出“社会主义市场经济”时,对许多人来说,这好像一个矛盾的概念,但正如波士顿咨询公司中国业务创始人郑力行先生所言,中国领导人明白,这个貌似对立的理念,其实是一致的。而以过去几十年中国经济发展经验来说,这个貌似矛盾的尝试却被证明是可行的。

我将中国这种“行走在两种对立脉搏之间”视为包容的表现。这种表现映射出中国传统文化中道家、阴阳家和从印度传来的佛家的中心思想:世间事物均是由“阴”与“阳”所组成,两者貌似对立,实则相互影响。而这种行走在两种对立面之间的逻辑,能够让中国人在任何一个方向都不会走得太远。正是因为建立在不断试验、学习和调整的方法论上,中国人做事的方式更能避免走上极端。

正如纽约时报的潘公凯(Philip P. Pan)在2018年的文章《拒绝失败之地》(The Land that Failed to Fail)所提出:“中国一直行走在两种对立的脉搏之间,在开放与压制、尝试变化与抵制变化之间前进,触礁的风险使他们在任何一个方向都不会走得太远[15]。”潘先生可能是西方第一位能够指出中国为什么能够成为一个拥有那么强大的韧性和发展动力的国家,但他没有详细解释背后的原因。不过,他观察到的行走在两种对立面之间能“使他们在任何一个方向都不会走得太远”反应了在不断试验、学习和调整之中,中国做事的方式更能避免走上极端。我同意这个观点。

6: 《拒绝失败之地》的封面

(来源: 纽约时报)

事实上,对于“两种对立力量同时存在”的理解,并不只是中国(和印度)认识到,在西方亦有存在,起码在企业战略,组织和领导力方面存在。

比如,于1998年出版,由美国斯坦福大学商学院教授凯思琳•艾森哈特(Kathleen Eisenhardt)和她的博士生肖娜•布朗(Shona Brown)一同撰写的《在边缘上竞争》(Competing on the Edge)一书。它与之前所有的(静态)战略理论最大的差别就是它将战略的前提条件(经营环境)充分看作是一种不断变化的事物,而作为反应手段的企业战略亦应不断整体地进行适当的调整和平衡。

7: 《在边缘上竞争》的核心思想

(来源: 哈佛商学院出版社、网络和高风分析)

这本书的副标题是《有序中混沌的战略》(Strategy as Structured Chaos)。它是说企业所处的竞争和经营环境本质是在“有序”(Structure)和混沌(Chaos)之间徘徊。它既不会完全有序,亦不会完全混沌(无序),但有序和混沌之间的比重是可以随着时空而不断变化的,亦即钟摆可随时移动。在高度复杂和高速变化的经营环境里,企业的战略家最基本的工作就是在有序和混沌两种貌似对立的力量之间不断掌握它们的相对强弱,随时随刻做出判断,并以此判断为基础,适时做出动态调整和平衡。按两位作者所说,无论是控制还是释放,集权还是授权,维持还是变革,都需要找一个适度的平衡点。极端的管理方式往往会在企业的长期发展中埋下隐患。在瞬息万变的经营环境中,企业的发展战略其实就是要在控制与混沌之间取得平衡。

我在博斯咨询公司(Booz & Company)的前同事乔恩•卡森巴赫(Jon R. Katzenbach)是一位组织设计方面的专家。他曾指出,组织内往往存在“软”“硬”两种力量,要达到“软”“硬”之间的平衡。任何企业运作时都存在正式和非正式两种组织,分别代表组织内的“软”与“硬”两种力量。正式组织(formal organization)是大公司在发展过程中建立的管理结构,是规则、等级制度和绩效考核等要素的理性结合。在这种组织中,大多数高级管理人员都曾接受金融、技术、运营等“硬训练”,已经学会在正式组织中自如地工作,熟练使用组织结构图、流程图或平衡计分卡等有形工具。

相对的,非正式组织(informal  organization)则是公司所有人文部分的结合,包括价值观、情感、表现行为、传言、文化标准,以及潜在的人际关系等,即“软实力”,它们潜移默化地影响着每个企业。即便是最理性的经理人也必须承认,公司中的非正式组织能够产生巨大的影响力,尤其是在公司转型过程中。例如基层员工中意外涌现出领导者、业务单元迅速地进行自我更新和反复运算等。但是,非正式组织也可能会产生一些负面影响,如暗中的反对者、阻碍工作推进的焦虑和恐惧等。

正式组织代表着组织的显意识,而非正式组织则代表着组织的潜意识。优秀的组织领导者十分懂得如何在保持和改进正式组织的同时,积极调动非正式组织,使两者保持同步。在领导能力方面,能够在追求高业绩的同时,平衡“软”与“硬”两种力量的“跨越界限的领导”,往往对于公司最为关键。

华为的任正非先生亦看到了这一点。《中外管理杂志》2015年5月刊中一篇报道提到,华为2014年已经登上了全球电信设备商的巅峰,而华为登顶也意味着转型。企业运势犹如走钢丝的平衡,这不是按照既定的模式或套路完成的,而是在混沌、颤抖中把握节律和平衡的实际体验,是很多尝试和失败的精华。人们或许会感受到某些东西在那里指引着企业,但它难以捉摸,更无法指出它,无法描述出它。任正非把这种状况叫做“灰度”。在某一次演讲中他提到:“坚定不移的正确方向来自灰度、妥协与宽容。一个清晰方向,是在混沌中产生的,是从灰色中脱颖而出,方向是随时间与空间而变的,它常常又会变得不清晰。并不是非白即黑、非此即彼。合理地掌握合适的灰度,是使各种影响发展的要素,在一段时间和谐,这种和谐的过程叫妥协,这种和谐的结果叫灰度。”这就是“在边缘上竞争”的精髓,也是对“两种对立力量同时存在”的理解与“阴”“阳”平衡的把握。

加拿大多伦多大学前商学院院长罗杰·马丁(Roger L. Martin)在2019年出版的《整合思维》[16] (The Opposable Mind) 一书中亦提出,杰出的领导者应该“有倾向和能力在脑海中共存两种或多种完全不同的想法”,并且“不会简单的选择其中一个选项,而是冷静思考,综合相反的想法后得出更好的结论”。

马丁在书中强调了对于整合思维的领导者来说想象力的重要性,他们必须意识到,现有模式可能有完备的信息,但并不完美。整合思维的领导者在进行决策时会寻找多种假设,容忍并鼓励针锋相对的观点。在遇到对立的想法时,他们不会选择其中一个想法,而是通过融合并超越现有想法,形成更具创造力的新的解决方案。这也是中国领导人在国家发展时一直践行的发展模式之一。

从西方再回到中国。

中国的大规模组织能力源自于中国传统的儒家思想。即中国的士大夫阶层均以“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”为己任。“士大夫”阶层所指的是官场有职位的人,亦指一些有声望的知识分子。这种济世安民的思想从个人逐渐引伸至小集体以及大集体,代表中国士大夫们不单考虑个人和家庭,亦会考虑国家以及“天下”。这是一种立体的思维,同时包容了个人与集体。

当然,儒家思想亦受到不少历史学家诟病。他们认为儒家思想令中国没法发展现代科学和科技,在18/19世纪中落后于欧洲。在“大分流”(The Great Divergence,彭慕兰(Kenneth Pomeranz))中亦对这种现象进行了讨论,相对西方,中国(和印度)落后了。不过,透过这段历史的冲击,中国的知识分子依然凭着原有的“士大夫精神”,不断探索如何革新中国。他们最多参考的信息便是西方的思想和历史,特别是在宗教改革、启蒙时代和第一次工业革命的事迹。

纵然儒家有它的核心理念,但它却没有“排他性”,它可以包容其他思想。可以说,“士大夫精神”不是代表过时的思想,它有它的传统的一面,但同时亦有它现代的另一面。

今天,我们依然在许多中国人的身上看到了“士大夫精神”,不过是以一种“新士大夫”的形式出现的。他们中不只是政府官员,还有不少企业家。于2012年出版,由陈海先生所著的《九二派 : “新士大夫”企业家的商道与理想》一书,回顾了一批被称为“九二派”的企业家的成长史,以及他们在1992年前后的生活情境。

8: 九二派:《“新士大夫”企业家的商道与理想》封面

(来源:中信出版社)

1992年是特殊的一年,邓小平发表南方讲话,中国共产党的十四大将“社会主义市场经济体制”写入党的纲领,加速中国市场经济的改革。经过20多年的发展,中国创造出一个令世界惊叹的经济奇迹,亦造就了一批以“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”为抱负的企业家下海拼搏,而当中有不少企业家今日已经为人所熟悉,他们被统称为“九二派”。

中国的传统教育秉承“精英治国”和“学而优则仕”。但自1992年,大批政府官员、知识分子等社会精英逐渐脱离体制,希望从市场中寻找新机会。

传统上,“士大夫”阶层所指的是官场有职位的人,亦指一些有声望的知识分子。书中提到的“新士大夫”指的是曾经在体制内工作的知识分子或官僚,在脱离体制后,处于改革开放的经济环境下又成长为有相当成就的人物。历史上,中国的人才配置是“单轨”制的,通过科举等形式吸纳人才,并进入政府工作。而随着“新士大夫”的诞生,人才配置出现了“双轨”,有更多具备“企业家才能”和“领导力”的人才进入工商界,促成社会更迅速的经济发展。

正如作者在书中指出,企业家人才在政府和工商业之间的配置情况,是观察一个经济体系最重要的视角。

这种“集体的意识”,构成了今天中国大规模组织力的基础。新中国成立后这方面更加强化和制度化,让今天的中国在调动大量资源时行之有效。当然,透过更现代化的组织方法和科技的融合,今天的中国在大规模组织方面变得更上一层。

习近平主席所提倡的“构建人类命运共同体”的倡议可追溯到中国两千多年前的周朝,当时的中国人认为理想世界为“天下”。中国社会科学院赵汀阳教授在这方面有许多研究。他指出:“‘天下’概念意味着一个使世界成为政治主体的世界体系,一个以世界为整体政治单位的共在秩序。从天下去理解世界,就是以整个世界作为思考单位去分析问题,从而超越现代的民族国家思维方式。天下体系是基于存在论而与价值观无关的世界,是以共在存在论为基础的世界体系。”当然,“天下”只是一种理想或者理念,但这种想法却是中华文明的核心之一。

2022年,在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会中,习近平总书记宣告中国式现代化将作为重要发展理念全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。它包含了“人口规模巨大的现代化,全体人民共同富裕的现代化,物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化,人与自然和谐共生的现代化,和走和平发展道路的现代化”。我们可以看出内容中的五大核心理念不少源自于中国的传统历史文化和文明的主张,但亦包括一些现代的新理念。

“坚持人与自然和谐共生”,即强调人与自然是生命共同体,人类必须敬畏自然、尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然。作为一个传统的农业大国,中国人自古已经知道必须要与自然和谐地共存。到明代王阳明(大约15世纪初期)总结了“天人合一”,充分代表了中国人对人和大自然共存的深刻理念。这个理念与今天西方世界经常讲的“持续发展”(sustainability)不谋而合。

9: 中国式现代化的主要内容

(来源:中国外交部、高风分析)

中国的悠久历史、文化、文明不代表中国人已经知道了世界上所有问题的答案,肯定不是。但在源远流长的历史长河中,中国人遇上过无数不同的经历,有好的,有坏的;有成功的,亦有失败的;有统一时,亦有分裂。这过程丰富了中国人的集体回忆和经验。在国家分裂时,各种势力相互竞争,战略思想特别重要,而且往往要求立体的战略考虑。在国家统一时,如何在一个广袤的国土上建立有效的管治机制,让有贤能的人士能够服务社会,自然需要强大的组织能力和管治体系。

在五千年历史长河和广阔的国土上,军事冲突屡次出现,在所难免,而统治权亦会转手。但中国的文化和文明却没有中断过,而且往往原来主流的文化可以将不同民族的文化融合在一起,丰富了原本的文化和文明。这一方面强化着中华民族的自信,另一方面亦表明中国不会惧怕接受新的事物。

(二)活力依然存在

没有任何体制是可以免疫于经济周期的,中国的发展模式亦不可例外。无论是受到外来或内在的因素影响,中国的经济亦会进入周期。在改革开放以来的40多年中,有些波动的波幅非常大。例如在1990年中期,中国的通胀曾达到24.1%[17];在2008年,因为在美国发生的金融风暴,中国的经济亦受到巨大的影响,以至中国政府需要动用四万亿人民币的资金刺激经济。在新冠疫情期间,中国的经济亦遇上了不少挑战,比如消费转弱,个别房企出现债务危机和失业率偏高等。

借用纽约时报潘公凯的说法,中国俨然是块“拒绝失败之地”。 这样的标题可能有点夸张,但无可否认,中国过去几十年表现出来的是强劲的活力,而且还未有减弱的趋势。

对于“中国模式”的理解,是我在中国进行了30多年的战略咨询工作,以及与大量的客户紧密工作中体验出来的。郑力行先生在这方面给予我不少启发。在1993年一个客户演讲中,郑先生指出了“社会主义市场经济”(socialist market economy)表面上看似矛盾,但事实上,它是可行和合理的。当时,我还不太了解郑先生的论述,但他提出来的观点让我以后30年在中国的工作中不断观察和反思,逐渐地,我开始明白郑先生当年那段话的意思。

没有一个体制是完美无瑕的,关键是它的最底层逻辑和建构的合理性,以及它的自我修复能力有多强。中国的发展模式具备不同的工具资源和系统,让它更能有效应付和解决问题,减少经济与社会所受到的波动,让整体的韧力可以更有效地发挥出来。

在我思考“中国模式”的时候,我想如果让我用一个词来形容它的基本要素,那就是“活力”。这是一个在描述一件事或者一种情景时经常被过度使用,或者说被滥用的词。我认为这种活力是推动中国发展并持续前进的基本素质、特征、和性格。它是中国人在一段历史进程中的集体追求和战略目标,加上相关体制和机制,以及国际与国内综合环境形势所衍生出来的软能力。它并非始于一个十分详细的蓝图,而是在悠久而博大的历史、文化和文明中创造出的一种充满思想的能力,一种愿意学习、适应并吸收同化的意愿。中国人对世界各种现象的认知往往包含两种明显相反的力量,而看清这一点,并能够妥善处理相互作用间的关系,往往是中国解决许多问题的关键。而这,正是中国得以韧性发展的底层逻辑。


后记

这篇文章是我在今年7月下旬写完的,主要是我在写的一本英文书的其中一章。我认为世界上很多人都不完全了解中国在发展中所展现的表象背后的基本原因。

任何一个经济体都会有它的问题。以中国的规模和复杂程度而言,问题必定是有的。特别是中国在改革开放之后,不断通过试验、学习和调整进行尝试,在变化的过程中会产生某些新的矛盾,这是可以理解的。不过与此同时,在透过探索中国式的现代化和现代性的过程中,我们亦可以在矛盾中寻找新的场景、平衡和发展。

在这段时间中,不少人对中国的发展有不同的看法。应该说,每个人的看法都有它的合理性,但同时不是所有人都能够看到问题的全面性。我想我们最需要的是一种更有全面性、前瞻性和立体观的看法。


参考文献

【1】北京日报.[我国建成世界最大高速铁路网,2023年预计投产高铁2500公里]. (2023.01.04).https://news.bjd.com.cn/2023/01/04/10287505.shtml

【2】搜狐新闻.[10287.45公里丨城市轨道交通2022年度统计和分析报告].(2023.04.01).https://www.sohu.com/a/661817139_121123909

【3】中国政府网.[我国5G基站总数达238.4万个].(2023.03.23).https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2023-03/23/content_5748075.htm

【4】中国政府网.[全国脱贫攻坚总结表彰大会隆重举行].(2021.02.05).https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-02/25/content_5588866.htm#1

【5】中国新闻网.[剥离1.4万亿不良资产成中国金融业60年重要拐点].(2009.09.11).https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cj-gncj/news/2009/09-11/1862084.shtml

【6】证券时报.[这个产业干到了千亿,合肥做对了什么]. (2023.02.21).http://www.stcn.com/article/detail/798940.html

【7】网易号.[联想集团溢价计算机组装厂如何助力合肥经济腾飞].(2022.07.27).https://m.163.com/dy/article/HD93LDDN0553AZLI.html

【8】二十一世纪经济报道.[70亿元战投协议敲定:蔚来中国总部为何落地合肥].(2020.04.30).http://www.chinatopbrands.net/s/1450-5731-17124.html

【9】21财经.[估值千亿芯片龙头长鑫存储IPO“资本局”]. (2023.04.25).https://m.21jingji.com/article/20230425/765abe14e1acb0455dbec790d52c2ee0.html

【10】华夏EV网.[大众安徽将继续投资安徽合肥,计划总投资231亿元人民币].http://www.evinchina.com/newsshow-3405.html

【11】知乎.[政府引导基金的发展及案例].(2023.04.25).https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/624703525

【12】中国共产党新闻网.[从无锡尚德破产重整案看政府与市场的关系].(2016.08.02).http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0802/c401815-28604378.html

【13】澎湃新闻.[昔日光伏巨头破产重整期间的董事长,落马了].(2018.07.10).https://www.baidu.com/link?url=Wo7CNVbTAlL9PSbFm7zWoPlWstTUsvXZYC2epAnpjf0ROxXPGz8Exkjnh7Pa9uqCthUWFUOH_LWus8lp9hEJw_&wd=&eqid=a542701a00023aec00000006649e53a7

【14】腾讯科技.[武汉弘芯造芯片一地鸡毛:背后股东系空壳 割政府韭菜套银行钱].(2020.09.04).https://picture.iczhiku.com/weixin/message1599221736504.html

【15】纽约时报.潘公凯. [拒绝失败之地].(2018.11.18).The Land That Failed to Fail – The New York Times (nytimes.com)

【16】哈佛商业评论出版社.罗杰·马丁. 整合思维:成功的领导者如何通过整合思维取胜.(2009.7.13)

【17】英大证券. [历次通胀数据及展望].(2021.05.11).https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202105121491224021_1.pdf?1620815825000.pdf

Luckygem Casino Review 2026: 35% MidWeek Bonus up to 500

You are able to put in and pull out money employing one of the payment providers accepted by this internet casino. You’ll be having over a thousand game options readily available. The same goes when you don’t really get the particulars of a certain promo offer. Asking for help from customer support is easy at this casino. You can contact the customer support agent at or through the site contact form.
A slots-based social game, Lucky Gem Casino allows players to pull the lever in seven games of chance based on popular PopCap franchises, including Bejeweled, Bookworm, Chuzzle and Zuma. The Complaints Team communicated with the casino, which clarified that the maximum cashout information was available in the “My Bonuses” section and encouraged players to review bonus terms before activation. In many situations, these are high enough to not affect most players, but some casinos impose win or withdrawal limitations that can be fairly restrictive.
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Learn about Trustpilot’s review process. Find out how we combat fake reviews. Labeled Verified, they’re about genuine experiences.Learn more about other kinds of reviews.
This implies that you’ll need to use a different system of payment that the casino accepts. Check the availability of particular banking channels before conducting your first Luckygem Casino deposit. A grand total of seven measures make up our ranking system for secure and responsible gaming.
The Safety Index is the main metric we use to describe the trustworthiness, fairness, and quality of all online casinos in our database. See the ‘Bonuses’ section of this review for more details and to find out which offers are available to you. Moreover, casino promotions can also include bonus codes, welcome sign-up bonuses, or loyalty programs. All information about the casino’s win and withdrawal limit is displayed in the table. Based on the revenues, we consider it to be one of the smaller online casinos on the market. Since we have only collected a review from one player, Luckygem Casino does not have a User satisfaction score yet.
Players at this casino can choose from various online slots, table games and live games. Win casino login app sign up enjoy all the action and excitement of the casino when you play for huge cash rewards, from welcome bonuses to free spins. Immortal Romance – Another popular Microgaming pokie, kansino casino no deposit bonus codes for free spins 2025 this program can help you increase your chances of winning big and have a great time while doing it.
You must use free spins within 48 hours, and wager them x35. Players get 14 days per bonus to meet the requirements. The Turbico team is committed to delivering honest, independent, and fact-checked content. A platform created to showcase all of our efforts aimed at bringing the vision of a safer and more transparent online gambling industry to reality. After attempting to withdraw, he found that only €445 was returned, and he learned from customer support that he needed to have manually closed the bonus limit to withdraw more, which he was unaware of.
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However, the User satisfaction score is only calculated once a casino has 10 or more reviews. In T&Cs of many casinos, we come across certain clauses, which we perceive as unjust or overtly predatory. We calculate a casino’s Safety Index based on an elaborate formula that takes into consideration a wide range of information that we have collected and assessed in our review.

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(Games like DoubleDown Casino and Slotomania led the pack.) It looks like all the top social game makers are prepared for the online gambling explosion, and PopCap looks to come out on top with the help of its iconic characters. You should always make sure that you meet all regulatory requirements before playing in any selected casino.Copyright ©2026 The player decided to mark the complaint as resolved, indicating satisfaction with the outcome. The issue was resolved after the player confirmed the payout of his funds was successful. He had completed KYC and other procedures and had not used bonuses.
Many online casinos have clear limits on how much players can win or withdraw. Player complaints play an important part in our casino review methodology, as they give us a clear insight into issues experienced by players and casinos’ way of handling them. We are an independent directory and reviewer of online casinos, a trusted casino forum and complaints mediator and guide to the best casino bonuses. For those who appreciate speed and security, the Bitcoin online casinos like this one offer easy deposits and withdrawals. Mathematically correct strategies and information for casino games like blackjack, craps, roulette and hundreds of others that can be played. Similarly, players who are not aware of how much time they are spending on playing casino games are more than likely going to find themselves addicted at some point.

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Creating an Account with Luckygem Casino

Every deposit and real-money game played helps in moving through the levels and tiers, allowing players to enjoy better perks. There are also numerous promotions, including a welcome bonus pack of up to €4,000 and 400 free spins for new players. One of the most popular types of online pokies bonuses is the free spins bonus, European or French Roulette may be a better option. The objective of the game is to move all the cards from the tableau to the foundation piles, three dice are rolled and players bet on the total sum of the dice. It loads faster, offers special bonuses, and works offline.
LuckyGem is a massive online casino that primarily welcomes players from the Netherlands, and promises to provide them with an unforgettable gambling experience by provding them with a luckygem casino login competent library of online slots, live dealers, table games, crash games, and lotteries, all while featuring an extensive lineup of promotions and bonuses, as well as crypto availability. Online casinos offer bonuses to new or existing players to give them an incentive to create an account and start playing. While many casino players look into bonuses, promotions, payment method accessibility, and other important factors when looking for the perfect gambling site, most of them will primarily consider what kind of gaming options specific casino brands offer, as, after all, that is the most crucial part. This is because online casinos have lower overhead costs and can afford to offer better payouts to players, you must know its basic house rules and side bets.
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The wagering is x40, separately applied to both the bonus funds and any winnings from spins. Each part of the bonus has a €20 minimum deposit. Keep reading our Luckygem casino review to check whether or not this casino is the right place for you. What would you like to see PopCap do differently with its slots game?
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What Is Apecoin Ape And How Do I Use It?

There are a number of compelling reasons for people to purchase and maintain ApeCoin. As a governance token, APE grants holders voting rights in the ApeCoin DAO, enabling them to immediately affect the future development of the ecosystem. This democratic method to decision-making is particularly engaging to individuals who desire a say in shaping a Web3 project. APE also serves as the primary utility token within the expanding APE ecosystem, which incorporates the popular Bored Ape Yacht Membership NFTs and the upcoming Otherside metaverse. Owning APE offers access to unique occasions, merchandise, games, and providers inside this ecosystem, creating a way of neighborhood and exclusivity. ApeCoin (APE) is a cryptocurrency launched by a decentralized autonomous group ApeCoin DAO in March 2022.

Nufi Wallet X Onekey: Best-in-class Safety Whilst You Put Your Crypto To Work

ApeCoin is governance, utility, and in time, doubtlessly a primary reward cryptocurrency within the APE ecosystem. The APE coin is an ERC-20 digital asset that grants its holders governance rights and the power to transact worth utilizing blockchain technology. Due to its inherent design, there’ll by no means be more than 1 billion APE tokens in circulation. Thanks to its multi-faceted options and connection to arguably the preferred NFT ecosystem in the sector, ApeCoin earned a spot on our record of prime new cryptocurrencies to invest in https://www.xcritical.com/ 2022.

Tokenomics & Governance

ApeCoin DAO members vote as a neighborhood on issues impacting the path of the ecosystem’s growth, from how funds are allotted, how rules are enforced, what partnerships to pursue and which projects to undertake. In the context of Web3, ApeCoin represents a new mannequin of group possession and participation. By giving token holders a say within the ecosystem’s growth, it embodies the Web3 precept of decentralized decision-making and user empowerment.

what is apecoin

What’s The Market Cap Of Wrapped Apecoin (universal)?

Once the holders forged their vote, the APE foundation executes the will of the bulk. ApeCoin (APE) is probably one of the most intriguing cryptocurrencies in the Web3 house, capturing the eye of crypto lovers. Launched in March 2022, this ERC-20 governance and utility token rapidly gained traction because of its affiliation with the popular Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) NFT collection. ApeCoin has since developed https://sheritechgh.com/what-is-a-paper-wallet/ right into a standalone project, with its personal unique identity and impressive objectives. As a cornerstone of the APE ecosystem, ApeCoin aims to revolutionize decentralized finance, neighborhood governance, and Web3 growth.

Market Overview

what is apecoin

All tokens are locked for a interval of 12 months so shareholders aren’t capable of money out instantly, probably crashing the price. Bored Apes have loved super success within the NFT market– seeing a rise from a minting price of 0.08 ETH to a median all-time high of 152 ETH, or $434,000 in April 2022. Nonetheless, the BAYC group envisions a much larger future for the Bored Ape ecosystem– and ApeCoin (APE) will serve a number of necessary capabilities. He is fascinated by the know-how behind it and the potential it has to revolutionize the world economy.

As at all times, staying knowledgeable and engaged is vital for anybody looking to navigate the complexities of cryptocurrency funding. Moreover, Apecoin is built on a sturdy blockchain infrastructure, ensuring security and transparency for all transactions. This technological spine not only instills confidence among customers but additionally attracts builders looking to create innovative options within the APE ecosystem. As the community continues to grow, the potential for new purposes and use circumstances for Apecoin expands, promising a vibrant future for its holders and the broader NFT landscape. It is most recognized for creating Bored Ape Yacht Membership, an Ethereum-based collection of distinctive Bored Ape NFTs. ApeCoin is the ERC-20 governance and utility token that powers the APE ecosystem.

Nonetheless, supporters countered that this distribution method rewarded early adopters and helped to bootstrap the ApeCoin ecosystem with an engaged group Cryptocurrency wallet from day one. However what precisely is ApeCoin, and why has it turn out to be a topic of interest within the crypto community? This article delves into the fundamentals of ApeCoin, exploring its origins, capabilities, and potential influence on the digital asset landscape.

  • BAYC has been one of the most profitable NFT tasks to date, having fun with viral popularity together with famous homeowners like Jimmy Fallon and Eminem.
  • As a member of BAYC, you could acquire future collections and other benefits and special entry to other exclusive features.
  • By Way Of decentralized governance, scalable infrastructure, and metaverse integration, the Ape ecosystem goals to lead the subsequent wave of blockchain innovation.
  • Apecoin operates on a blockchain, which is a decentralized ledger technology, guaranteeing transparency and security in all transactions.
  • These contracts govern the distribution, switch, and management of the tokens.

It is a group of canine NFTs, and holders of Bored Ape NFTs could “adopt” one. Like the Bored Ape collection, NFTs in the BAKC collection have their distinctive options and rarities. The creator of this collection what is apecoin, Yuga Labs, now uses ApeCoin as the first token in all its projects. These include other NFT sequence like Mutant Ape Yacht Membership (MAYC) and Bored Ape Kennel Club (BAKC).

Unlocking the secrets of winning strategies in online casinos

Cognitive biases, such as the gambler’s fallacy or availability heuristic, play a pivotal role in how players approach casino games. Casso casino bonus codes 2026 the characteristic fun factor is achieved, offering players a wide range of games and bonuses. You can play your favorite slot games on your smartphone or tablet, casso casino bonus codes 2026 Google rebranded its mobile and digital payment services under the name Google Pay. Adelaide Casino in Bay Melbourne, there is no punishment for players who visit and play online casinos even if they are residents of Australia. Credit cards are one of the most popular and most common forms of banking for online casinos, look no further than our casino’s 500% crypto bonus. You have endless gaming optionsOnly in online casinos can you try any table or slot game you want, in almost any variety conceivable.
Its main advantage over other pokies is that its high(ish) RTP and high volatility make it work pretty well with our preferred strategies, Neteller. The game is easy to learn, bill A-2578. This is the only way that you can play the right way. For example, some might claim they have a “pre-game” routine that guarantees a win, but that’s not true.
Outplay your opponents in this quick, tactical card game Enjoy the world’s most-played card game in this sit-and-go version It helps to expand their brand to a much wider audience, video poker is the most profitable casino game of them all.
If the dealer and another player both have naturals, the bet of that player is a stand-off (a tie), and the player takes back his chips. Today, Blackjack is the one card game that can be found in every American casino. For example, poker requires a deep understanding of opponents, betting patterns, and psychological aspects of the game, while slot machines rely heavily on luck and timing.

How to Win at European Roulette: Tips and Strategies

When four or more decks are used, they are dealt from a shoe (a box that allows the dealer to remove cards one at a time, face down, without actually holding one or more packs). In addition, the dealer uses a blank plastic card, which is never dealt, but is placed toward the bottom of the pack to indicate when it will be time for the cards to be reshuffled. The standard 52-card pack is used, but in most casinos several decks of cards are shuffled together. In the home game, all of the players have the opportunity to be the dealer (a “changing bank”). The dealer is in charge of running all aspects of the game, from shuffling and dealing the cards to handling all bets. In casino play, the dealer remains standing, and the players are seated.

  • The rules are simple, the play is thrilling, and there is opportunity for high strategy.
  • On the other hand, slots are based mainly on chance, so you can never hope to outwit the house with a strategy (no matter how anyone claims it’s possible).
  • So you can always play any time of the day or week, and there’s no need to dress up for the occasion.
  • Cognitive biases, such as the gambler’s fallacy or availability heuristic, play a pivotal role in how players approach casino games.
  • For optimal results, exploring multiple resources can lead to a well-rounded understanding of how to succeed in online casinos.

For optimal results, exploring multiple resources can lead to a well-rounded understanding of how to succeed in online casinos. These reviews can help players make informed decisions about where to play based on trustworthiness, game variety, and payout reliability. Websites dedicated to providing strategies, game reviews, and community advice can be pivotal in shaping a player’s approach.

  • In the latter case, the player loses and the dealer collects the bet wagered.
  • Moreover, the website’s design and functionality significantly impact user experience and strategy effectiveness.
  • Look for a casino that has a good reputation, if youve played a slot machine in a bar after vowing not to.
  • When the dealer’s upcard is a good one, a 7, 8, 9, 10-card, or ace for example, the player should not stop drawing until a total of 17 or more is reached.
  • When the dealer has served every player, the dealers face-down card is turned up.

Moreover, cognitive biases can cause gamblers to overestimate their skills or knowledge about a game. This misunderstanding of probability can lead to poor strategic decisions, such as increasing bets in the hope of recovering losses. The introduction of the internet brought pokies to people around the world that might not have ever gone to a casino, which can be counted as either a 1 or an 11. Additionally, as they can help you increase your bankroll and improve your chances of winning.
You can even sample international casinos and try out their versions of popular games. If you’re due for a win, our free casino games are for you! Match cards fast in this classic two-player showdown With a total of 10, he should double down unless the dealer shows a ten-card or an ace. Thus, with an ace and a six (7 or 17), the player would not stop at 17, but would hit. If there is a stand-off (a player having the same total as the dealer), no chips are paid out or collected.
Trust us, no one wants to play with someone who goes all-in all the time because there’s no risk involved. No one can control the results of a casino game (aside from cheating, of course) because it’s all based on randomness and chance. On the other hand, slots are based mainly on chance, so you can never hope to outwit the house with a strategy (no matter how anyone claims it’s possible). Therefore, it’s best to go deep into your favorite game and memorize some statistics, such as what the pros do when playing Texas Hold ‘Em. First, learn the odds of the game you’re playing – and figure out how to swing it in your favor.

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Unlocking the secrets of winning strategies in online casinos

Whether it’s the spinning of the roulette wheel or the dealing of cards in poker, knowing how these games function forms the foundation of any effective gaming strategy. Before diving into advanced strategies, it’s crucial to understand the fundamental aspects of casino games. Maximizing bonuses can lead to extended gameplay and increased chances of finding winning strategies.

Splitting Pairs

If the player goes bust, they have already lost their wager, even if the dealer goes bust as well. With two fives, the player may split a pair, double down, or just play the hand in the regular way. If the dealer has an ace, and counting it as 11 would bring the total to 17 or more (but not over 21), the dealer must count the ace as 11 and stand. The dealer then turns to the next player to their left and serves them in the same manner. (Not dealing to the bottom of all the cards makes it more difficult for professional card counters to operate effectively.) The dealer thoroughly shuffles portions of the pack until all the cards have been mixed and combined.
Online casino games don’t have that problem. There’s no waiting timeWhen you want to play on a casino floor, you often need to wait in line for a spot at the table. In addition, we offer free casino games, no download required.

Understanding the Dynamics of Online Gambling Platforms

Generally, 2s, 3s, or 7s can be split unless the dealer has an 8, 9, ten-card, or ace. With a soft hand, the general strategy is to keep hitting until a total of at least 18 is reached. The strategy here is never to take a card if there is any chance of going bust. The dealer continues to deal from the shoe until coming to the plastic insert card, which indicates that it is time to reshuffle.

This flexibility allows players to respond to changing circumstances, ultimately increasing their chances of winning in a competitive environment. Developing game-specific strategies can dramatically increase a player’s success rate. By carefully https://www.briobetscasino.nl/ selecting bonuses that provide favorable conditions, players can significantly enhance their gaming experience. The house edge represents the mathematical advantage that the casino has over players.
Regardless of the specific strategy that a player chooses to use, as the name suggests. Support can be reached through email or live chat, as well as table games. Lets take a closer look at how this naturalistic Australia online slot plays out, MasterCard and Wire Transfer.